Flying-machine.



R. A. EMMONS.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 5. l 9l6.

i Patented Apr. 23,1918.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 1- Patented Apr. 23, 1918.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 2- R. A. EMMONS.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 5. I916.

Patented Apr. 23, 1918.

5 SHEETSSHEET a.

R. A. EMMONSI.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 5. 191 6.

Patented Apr. 23, 1918.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

R. A. EMWIOWS.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED APR.'5. I916.

11! m Patented A r; 23, 1918. I EETSSHEET 5.

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. To all whom it may concern:

Be-it known that I, RUPERT A. Harmon's, a citizen of the United States, reslding at Washington, in the District of Columbia,

have invented certain new and useful limprovements in Flying-Machines, of which instantly when necessary to rise or land and be guided with ease and certainty.

Another object of my invention is the provision of a flying machine the planes of v manner as to receive all lateral and longituhit which will be carried by the body in such a dinal air thrusts or currents and so direct these thrusts of the air upon theplanes as to stabilize the craft and cause it ,to travel in the proper direction.

Another object of my invention is the provision of a flyin machine which will present a wide sprea of wing surface to in.

sure the full trapping of the 'air and which will accommodate the longitudinal and lateral thrusts of Wind to cause the machine to right itself under yarying conditions and attain complete and perfect stability.

Another object of my invention is the production of a flying machine which will'have a large wing area in a compact, small space; which can be controlled with ease and certainty; which will stabilize under all conditions of wind direction and which will be durable and inexpensive of production to provide an efficient and practical machine. With these and other objects in view the invention consists of a flying machine em-- bodying a novel construction and arrangement of the planes'fwith reference to the body, propelling and guidin mechanism, to produce the results require in a practical and eficient manner.

i The invention further consists of a flying machine embodying novel features of. construction and combination of parts, substantially as shown, described and claimed herein, it being understood that any changes may be made in the construction, which come within the spirit or'scope of my invention. I In the drawings: Figure 1 represents a top plan view of the v Specification of Letters Patent.

Fatented Apr. a, i

Application filed April 5, me. serial no. eaoe preferred construction of my flying ma-.'

chine. Fig. 2 represents a front-view thereof.

preferred form of. machine.

fied construction of machine, embodying multiple or triplanes.

Fig. 5 represents a top plan view of a further modified construction, embodying multiple or triplanes.

Fig. 6 representsa front elevation of this multiple or triplane construction of machine.

' Fig. 7 represents a top plan View of a further modified form of biplane machine, and.

Fig. 8 represent a side view of said construction.

Fig. 9 represents a side View of a machine having a slight change or modification, and

Fig. 10 represents a top plan view of a modified construction of machine.

Fig. 3 represents a side elevation of the we Fig. 4 represents a front view of a modi- Referring by numeral to. the drawings, in V which similar characters. denote the same parts in all the views: The numeral 1, designates the body, fuselage or nacelle of the machine which may be of any referred construction, and provided or equipped with any suitable type of launching, steering and landing means. The machine may be of the biplane type as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 7 8, 9 and 10, or

at v

of the triplane or other multiplafie construc' tion as disclosed in Figs. 4, 5 and 6, in all cases the broad general features of my invention being embodied.

The body1,carries in Figs: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9'

and 10, a supporting surfaceof the biplane type, comprising an upper set of wings 2,

and a lower set of wings 3, the upper and,

lower wings being supported above and below the body, by the suitable bracing and connecting meansor structure 4.

The planes are concaved or cambered and the upper plane hasits wings extending upwardly and forwardly, while the lower plane has its wings extending downwardly and rearwardly with reference to thebody and at the proper dihedral angle.

In the construction of my, machine shown in Fig. 10, the planes are arranged at difl'erent levels and to the fore and aft of each other, the upper plane having its wings 5, supported at their inner meeting ends 6, near the tail of the machine and extending rue int

tion, particularly with reference to the use of the planes 1s in evidence, this type giving a very large wing area and receiving the lateral and longitudinal thrust of air to cause .the machine to travel properly and to stabilize under the varying conditions.

Fig. 4 represents a construction having triplanes arranged above each other, and with the outer sections 14 of the lowest plane angled upwardly and raked to the front, and with the outer sectionsl5, of the upper plane angled downwardly and raked to the rear.

' In the construction shown in Figs. 5 and 6, the same arrangement and construction of upper and lower wings 9 and .10, is employed, asshown inFig. 1, with the addition of a horizontal plane 11, arranged between said wings 9 and 10, this producing a triplane type of machine. In Flgs. 7 and 8 I employ an upper plane 12, disposed transversel whose win s extend upwardly with re erence to the ody, and a lower plane 13 whosewings extend downwardly and rearwardly with reference to the body and at the proper dihedral angle.

In the form of my invention shown in Fig. 3, the biplane type is used to illustrate the efiect of the air upon the wings, for the urpose of demonstrating the operation an advantages of my machine over Other aircraft.

In this figure, the point a represents the center of gravity of the machine, point 6, represents the centerof pressure of the air against the upper wing due to the forward movement of the machme, point c-represents this center of pressure on the lower wing.

The line AA represents the line of thrust of the propeller. The .line of thrust AA runs through the center of ravity a. This is not absolutely necessary, but such construction is used hereas it more. simply illustrates the principles whereby longitudinal stability is secured. Now when the machine is traveling forward these wings act as alever with its fulcrum at a, and with equal leverages a b and a a when the machine is traveling. in a normal horizontal course or line of flight.

N ow if the machine leaves the horizontal line of flight and starts climbing, say at an angle of 30 de met. the centers of pressure on the planes wil move to the oints b and c'in which casethe leverages o the two wings are no longer equal, but the leverage of the lower wing cd 1s bgreater than the leverage of the upper wing d, and thisgreater leverage of the lower wingwould bring the machine back to its normal horizontal line of flight unless prevented by the operation of the tail steering mechanism.

Lateral stalnlity is secured in the followin manner :Considerin first the lower li ting plane, the wings 0 which are angled downwardly and rearwardly. When tipped laterally the pressure "of the air against the win on the lower side is much greater than agalnst the wing on the liigher side, due to the fact that. the angle of incidence of the wing on the lower side increases in tipping and decreasing with the wing on the higher side, and also to the fact that the machine tends to fall toward the lower side and so increasing the air pressure against the wing on the lower side. With the upper lane, when the machine is tipped laterally, t 1e pressure of the air against the wing on the lower side increasesand decreases against the wing on the upper side, this being due to the tendency of the machine to fall toward the lower side.

Another advantage of my machine is illustrated in Fig. 2, the arrows m and m representing a lateral gust of wind, which, striking against the upper and lower planes produce two counteractin turning forces represented by arrows n and n', which forces, being equal would not in any way tend to tip or rock the machine. these dihedrally angled planes all tendency for the machine to rock and become unmanageable is eliminated. I

It will also be readily understood that it makes no diflerence which of the two supporting planes is on top or which is the bottom plane. The principle is the same as long as the wings of one plane are angled downwardly and rearward y and the wings of the other plane are angled upwardly and forwardly.

In the form of my invention shown in Fig. 9 the planes are arranged at a different helght or level with reference to the body, but the effect or action is exactly the same as in the other constructions.

I claim: 1. A. flying machine having supporting planes so arranged that during one or more longitudinal angulations of the machine with respect to its line of flight, the wings of one or more planes will present to this line of flight a negative dihedral, and the wings of one or more other planes will present to this line of flight a positive dihedral, and the wings of these planes will be so arranged that those tpresenting a negative dihedral to the line 0 flight will'be raked outwardly and rearwardly, and thosepresenting a positive dihedral to theline of flight will be raked outwardly and forwardly.

2. A flying machine provided with supporting planes, the wings of certain of these planes being dihedrally angled downwardly So that with the use of means? and raked to the rear, and the wings of other of these planes being dihedrally angled upwardly and raked to the front.

3. A flying machine provided with supportin planes, the wings of certain of these planes being dihedrally angled downwardly and raked to the rear, and the wings of other of these planes being dihedrally angled upwardly and raked to the front, the dihedrally angled wings being or such arrangement and area that lateral currents of air willproduce against them equal counter acting forces.

4. A flying machine with supporting planes, each plane comprising dihedrally arranged wings, the wings of one plane being negatively dihedralled and raked to the rear, and the Wings of the other plane being positively dihedralled and raked to the front.

. 5. A flying machine with supporting planes, of which one or more wings are dihedrally angled downwardly and raked to the rear, and of which one or more wings are dihedrally angled upwardly and raked.

to the front.

6. A flying machine consisting of superposed planes, the wings of one plane being angled downwardly and rearwardly, and the wings of the other plane being angled upwardly and forwardly, and with a pair of wings disposed between the superposed wings.

7. A flying machine having supporting planes, with the wings of one or more planes or sections of wings angled downwardly and rearwardly, and the wings or sections of wings of one or more planes angled upwardly and forwardly.

8. A flying machine embodying two-litting planes, the wings of one plane being positively dihedrally angled and the wings of the other plane being negatively dihedrally angled and raked to the rear.

9. A flying machine with supporting planes arranged one in advance of the other of which the wings of one or more planes are negatively dihedralled and raked to the rear, and of which the wings of one or more planes are positively dihedralled and raked to the front.

10. A flying machine with supporting planes, of which certain wings or sections of planes are negatively dihedralled and raked to the rear, and of which certain other wings or sections of planes are positively diliedralled and raked to the front.

11. A flying machine having a'supporting surface comprising wings of which certain wings are dihedrally angled in an outward and upward and forward direction, and of which certain other wings are dihedrally angled in an outward and downward and rearward direction.

12. A flying machine having a supporting surface of which certain win 5 or lifting planes or sections of lifting p anes are dihedrally angled in an outward and upward and forward direction, and of which certain other wings or lifting planes or sections of lifting planes are dihedrally angled in an till outward and downward and rearward direction.

In testimony whereof ll afix my signature in the presence of two witnesses. 1 V

RUPERT A. EMMONS.

Witnesses:

WM. N. Moore, line. M. downs. 

